The number of wildlife species found in a desert environment amazes most people given the dryness and as few as two inches of rain each year. The animals' survival is attributable to adaptations to heat and the ability to conserve what little water they consume.

The 49 mammal species recorded in the refuge include bighorn sheep, mule deer, mountain lion, gray and kit fox, coyote, 13 species of bats, 16 species of mice and rats, and 188 bird species. The desert tortoise is one of 41 reptile species known to exist in the refuge.

	The plight of the sheep led FDR to create this refuge.

Rams stand up to three feet high and can weigh up to almost 200 pounds. Ewes are smaller and lighter. Males and females live in separate small bands except during breeding season in August and September. Newborn lambs are about 15 inches high and weigh about 8 pounds. They are herbivorous eaters. Constantly aware of danger, some members of a band will be watching while others feed or drink. Resting sheep will face in different directions for increased awareness. Mountain lions are a major enemy.

The 2001 estimates put their number at more than 800. But they haven't always been so lucky. In fact, it was their dwindling numbers of the big animal in the 1930s led to the creation in 1939 of the Kofa National Game Range by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Several factors contributed to the plight of the sheep. Unregulated hunting by miners had a major impact. There was also disease introduced by domestic sheep and cattle and after strict hunting regulations went into effect, poaching became a problem. Roads, fences, and human activities also had a negative influence. But the population in the mountains of what is now Kofa NWR was considered stable. There was little human contact. Moreover, the precipitous terrain was perfect for these animals that are expert in clinging to the steep surfaces they seek for safety.

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